Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook - Antenna Introduction / Basics - RF Cafe PDF) Computer Simulation of a Pyramidal Horn Antenna Using CST MWS | Gabriele Galiero Casay - Academia. Equation. Antenna Downtilt Calculator. Enviado por yaro82. Save Save Antenna downtilt calculator For Later. Accurately calculating "Downtilt" By Bryan K. 0 Tutorial Legal disclaimer: This calculator is designed to be an informational and educational tool. is/three-nines)A GSM antenna operating at 900MHz consists of eight stacked dipole antennas (3/4λ apart) fed by an ordinary corporate feed, producing a broadside radiation pattern. This Tool will provide you 5 Items calculation as below: 1. Antenna Calculators: Antenna Downtilt Angle Calculator | Antenna Downtilt Coverage Calculator | Antenna Near Field Distance Calculator | EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power | Helical Antenna Design | Line of Sight Calculator | Microstrip Patch Antenna Calculator | Parabolic Antenna Gain Calculator. 4 - 2. US20150057005A1 US14/529,916 US201414529916A US2015057005A1 US 20150057005 A1 US20150057005 A1 US 20150057005A1 US 201414529916 A US201414529916 A US 201414529916A US 2015057005 ACalculate the directivity magnitude, azimuth, and elevation angles from a helix's radiation pattern at 2 GHz. g. The method includes: receiving statistical information and a first count that are sent by a base station; establishing at least one coverage cluster; calculating cluster values of all the coverage clusters; acquiring an. The required bandwidth is then B = (4 KHz) 10 + (500 Hz) 9 = 44. 17 1. Antenna Tilt Mechanical Vs Electrical Techplayon. Input the values into the formula. 0. Section 7: Detailed Parameter Planning: Physical Cell ID (PCI) Planning PCI Collision Free Principle PCI Confusion Free. The downtilt angle for maximum gain is roughly 30 to 40 degrees. doc / . Transmitter Height. pdf), Text File (. This paper uses electrical. 231). When selecting an antenna for a particular application, these factors should be considered. is/99. Frequency to Test(MHz) Vertical Separation (Unit of Measure) Note: The values indicated above are approximate because of coupling which exists between the antenna and tower transmission line. This tool is designed to calculate the correct dimensions of a microstrip patch antenna if the operating frequency and the dielectric constant of the material used, is known. The Okumura-Hata Free Space Propagation Model (FSPM) was simulated in the same manner and used to validate the results of the RAM. 8 in (60 - 70 mm) OD round members. Efficiency (k) %. 1. pdf), Text File (. hx = helix; [bw,angles] = beamwidth (hx,2e9,1:1:360,0,5) bw = 140. In order to determine what the math problem is, you will need to look at the given information and find the key details. The VTX A12 SB can also attach to the top cabinet of an array and be used as a compact array frame. Specifically, with the optimal antenna downtilt. Number representing 3GPP ARFCN/EARFCN/UARFCN (frequency) CellMapper is a crowd-sourced cellular tower and coverage mapping service. 737 976 1 downtilt kit Downtilt angle: 0° – 8° 5. Antenna downtilt calculations are necessary in many common applications requiring the use of directional RF antennas including cellular networks, distributed antennas systems (DAS. The present invention provides a method, a device, and a system for optimizing a tradeoff between capacity and coverage of a network, which relate to the field of communications, so as to implement the object of optimizing the capacity and coverage of a cell and effectively controlling the coverage hole and coverage overlap performance of the entire network. 3D Channel Model in 3GPP Bishwarup Mondal, Timothy A. Antenna Downtilt Coverage Radius Calculator is used to compute the inner & outer signal coverage diameter of any area by using the height of antenna, Downtilt angle and vertical beamwidth. 25 = 7. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. The antenna has an azimuth angle of 1:1:360 degrees, an elevation angle of 0 degrees on the X-Y plane, and a dB down value of 5 dB. Antenna Design Ysis And Simulation 2017 11 29. If the dielectric constant of the material is not known, you can choose to put in the velocity of. Four main factors which differentiate antennas are frequency response, impedance, directivity, and electromagnetic polarization. Then, display the polarpattern properties. Audio Calculators Roundtable Toolbox Air Absorption Calculator Rita Merlijn: It keeps me from losing my sanity; allows Merlijn: Import an impulse response and apply me to verify what I can expect from changes in virtual filters to the loudspeaker response. Setting The Downtilt On Your Telrad Lte Sector Steve Discher. Link Calculator 2. Nyankoye Apollinaire Loua. ) Packing size 2856 x 282 x 182 mm. 50m. Wide Profile Antenna Fixed Tilt Mounting Kit for 2. Link Budget CDMA. 54 0. This angle, measured in degrees,. phase shift calculator phase shift formula rf wireless world Jan 15 2022 web phase shiftThe simulator only calculates mechanical downtilt. Subtract the initial value from the final value, then divide the result by the absolute value of the initial value. SINAD to ENOB Calculator. The number of bits per Hz = 1. Calculator By Motorola Mobility LLC. 4: Antenna Characteristics. A D T = t a n − 1 (h T − h R D. Dictionary meaning of tilt is "incline or bend from vertical position". d = dipole; fc = 75e6; Calculate its directivity at 75 MHz. In the video below, we explain how to calculate the coverage area of the antenna, taking into account the height of the antenna and its radiation characteristics. Please note that this calculator is only valid for far-field calculations. 0 + 0. 2674. English to Spanish translations [PRO] Tech/Engineering / Antennas. Muhammad Shahid. Give it a try now!ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR 855-276-5772 I kpperformance. The present invention provides a method, a device, and a system for optimizing a tradeoff between capacity and coverage of a network. Find out more about Cambium Networks: Downtilt Calculator; Tv Antenna Design Calculator; This Tool will provide you 5 Items calculation as below: 1. ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR Note: These values represent a first-order approximation and assumes a smooth terrain with no obstacles. The omni antenna is usually a vertically polarized antenna, so you cannot have advantages of using cross polarization. The calculator provides an estimate of the isolation provided by two vertically separated antennas As mentioned below the Ubnt omni's have between 2 and 4 degrees of downtilt, and between 7-12 degrees of vertical beamwidth. The Inflation Calculator utilizes historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) data from the U. Antenna Downtilt Angle Calculator Antenna Near Field Distance Calculator Line of Sight Calculator; Popular Calculators dBm to Watts Calculator Watts to dBm Calculator Patch Antenna Calculator RF Attenuator Calculator VSWR Calculator Radar Range Calculator; Advertisement. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. 0 our total is 7. 4GHz, 7. 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful. Dears, Please do you have Advanced Down-Tilt Tool (Macro or exe file, etc) That calculate required Down-Tilt values to cover X Meters but to be advanced that take in considerations: Operating Freq. Downtilt Angle. 1217. 3. Equation. Spanish translation: inclinación vertical eléctrica. For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 =. Our goal is to become the one-stop, go-to site for. 51 in (115 - 140 mm) OD round members. txt) or read online for free. com Antenna Height: 75ft Antenna Beamwidth: 7° Downtilt (°) Inner Radius (miles/km) Outer Radius (miles/km) 0 0. An Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator, or Antenna Tilt Calculator, aids the user by providing an approximate downward angle at which to install a directional antenna to reach desired signal strength and coverage between a transmitter and receiver at different heights and some distance away. 0 Tutorial. desa watu agung. 5 in (60 - 115 mm) OD round members. 65° H (Heavy) 120° mounting hardware. This configurator will generate a bill of materials for a Constellation power delivery system. Identify the key design criteria and why it's different, identify the design elements to be managed, and the solutions used as well as the best practices and config choices used and why. electr. RF Calculator. Antenna Downtilt Link Budget Calculator Free Space Loss Fresnel Clearance Zone Antenna Downtilt After you enter your parameters (such as access points, antennas, cables, etc. Learn how to plan for antenna downtilt and how to ensure installations are done correctly. Only users authorized by UScellular may access this system. This will equal the length of each leg of the antenna. Remote Antenna Height, Hr (input2 in feet) : Distance between antennas, D (input3 in miles) : Antenna Downtilt angle (output in Degrees) : EXAMPLE of antenna downtilt angle calculator: INPUTS: Hb= 120 feet , Hr = 80. The total score summed from all leaves is used to calculate the uncertainty of this instance. Dictionary meaning of tilt is "incline or bend from vertical position". Omni’s can be useful but the area of coverage vs. xls), PDF File (. The results presented by this calculator are based on input values and basic theoretical principles of wireless. 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Link Budget CDMA. Note: for this reason, when we refer to tilt in this tutorial this means we’re talking about ‘downtilt’. This calculator will determine the correct antenna downtilt angle given the heights of the antennas and distance between them. Main Page / Operate Your Network and 'Run Your Business'. The downtilt is depicted in the figure-1. 15. Built-in antennas are optimized for horizontal ceiling mounted orientation of the AP. **Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. Numerically solvable expressions are derived for such optimal antenna downtilt, which is a function of the BS density. Antenna Downtilt CalculatorDowntilt Calculator - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. sip. The Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the. S. Kit contains one tilt top bracket set and one bottom bracket set. 2957795 °. 8e9,0,1:1:360) bw = 57. (Note that TR 38. Compared to utilization of a static network-wide downtilt angle, dynamically chang-ing downtilt angle can further boost the system capacity by 20–30% under certain circumstances [14]. In one typical RF application, VSWR is used to measure the amount of reflection due to impedance mismatch. the electrical antenna downtilt can not be simulated. Given by: r = n × λ + d 1+ d 2 n × λ × d 1× d 2 . Page ID. Downtilt Angle. 18 0. 2A EP12875979A EP2838289A1 EP 2838289 A1 EP2838289 A1 EP 2838289A1 EP 12875979 A EP12875979 A EP 12875979A EP 2838289 A1 EP2838289 A1 EP 2838289A1 AuthorityEP2838289B1 EP12875979. txt) or read online for free. 0 Tutorial. Reset. 5 x "4G vertical 3 dB beamwidth" = 5G mechanical downtilt + 5G CSI-RS beam envelope tilt where: • Before using this method to plan the NR downtilt, check whether the LTE downtilt is planned based on the principle of "Upper 3 dB pointing to the cell edge". 20 Over Horizon Over Horizon 4 0. Radar Maximum Range Calculator • Electrical, RF and Electronics Calculators • Online Unit Converters CHAPTER 5 MICROWAVE ANTENNA - ppt download Solved: 5. In order to accurately calculate for downtilt, one needs to know the vertical beamwidth of the antenna. 60934Km , 1 Km = 0. Antenna downtilt calculator. Thanks. 3. Note: The final […]Waveguide Calculator (Rectangular) Fairview Microwave's Waveguide Calculator provides the cutoff frequency, operating frequency range and closest waveguide size for a rectangular waveguide based on the custom inputted broad wall width. 66) required for each dipole. In order to operate your network, you will need to define and establish processes and procedures for monitoring, managing, and maintaining the network and its constituent components, as well as how you will manage customers and bill them accordingly. This tool is designed to calculate the correct dimensions of a microstrip patch antenna if the operating frequency and the dielectric constant of the material used, is known. 11 0. 63 mi 2. The system designer can use mechanical (e. *Results of. The Antenna downtilt angle calculator calculates distance from tilt angle and tilt angle from horizon distance. desa watu agung. Accurately calculating "Downtilt" By Bryan K. Currently, we have around 200 calculators to help you "do the math" quickly in areas such as finance, fitness, health, math, and others, and we are still developing more. 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful. ANTENNA DOWNTILT CALCULATOR 855-276-5772 I kpperformance. years months. (10. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. 17 1. Cisco Meraki outdoor-series access points (including the MR74/76/84/86) and certain indoor access points (MR42E, MR53E, MR46E) support the use of external antennas in order to focus their signal into a particular coverage pattern. Bandpass Filter Calculator This calculates values of the inductance, capacitance of an inductor and capacitor used in a Butterworth LC bandpass filter. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. Operational conditions in the GSM network suggest that a 6∘ electrical downtilt is desirable. Category of. Directory 2012. ° (degree) Inner Coverage Radius. Therefore, this research aims to enhance the gain of a slotted microstrip antenna in the UHF RFID communication band. Entered by: Hugo Caro. The downtilt coverage radius can be calculated by the formula listed below, which takes half of the antenna beamwidth in each direction of the downtilt angle from the height of. **Note: Like our stripline impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. 91138 feet Antenna. pdf. Basic Path Analysis Tool. angles = 1×2 60 117. d1 stands for the distance from the transmitter to the point of interest. 15 min × (1 hr / 60 min) = (15/60) hr = 0. tenna downtilt has been concentrated on adaptively and re-motely controlled EDT according to changes in the load or user distribution within a cell [13]. Antenna Down Tilt Calculator and Coverage Tool: Used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the transmitting antenna is to be positioned for optimal signal strength and coverage. Radar Maximum Range Calculator • Electrical, RF and Electronics Calculators • Online Unit Converters CHAPTER 5 MICROWAVE ANTENNA - ppt download Solved: 5. The parabolic reflector antenna gain is calculated as the gain over an isotropic source. 1 = 57. Mounting bracket for cylindrical pipe installations (60-115mm pipe diameter) for fix mechanical tilt applications. , changing the phase of each element electrically) to tilt the radiated beam, as shown in Figure 23. Check part details, parametric & specs updated 25 SEP 2023 and download pdf datasheet from datasheets. ”. rs dam. Plot the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna operating at 75 MHz. Remove the outer jacket and shield from the coax and slide the dielectric and center conductor into the brass tube. Downtilt Angle (A) Vertical Beamwidth (BW) Calculate. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. 62 km 5 0. You should use this calculator as a tool to understand. 4 - 2. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. Arch Architecture. ANTENNA DOWNTILT COVERAGE CALCULATOR. 0 kg 1. Result. Basic Path Analysis Tool - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. Page ID. 5 in (60 - 115 mm) OD round members. 20 Over Horizon Over Horizon 4 0. Interest Rate. txt) or read online for free. Moreover, the corresponding downlink capacity gains varied between 0-58%. Formula of Downtilt Calculator The formula utilized by the Downtilt Calculator is: Downtilt Angle (θ) = arctan ( (H2 – H1) / D) Where: This calculator determines the correct antenna downtilt angle given the heights of the antennas and distance between them. ft. Katrein - Tilt Calculator programme; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. CommScope offers a comprehensive assortment of remote electrical downtilt (RET) accessories, including actuators, controllers, grounding kits, bias tees, control cables and junction boxes, and Teletilt® RET system components support AISG 1. then divide both sides of the equation by rad, to get the conversion ratio. e. 15 0. Antenna vertical. factor antenna downtilt calculator pasternack vswr calculator reflection coeffecient calculator return rf calculators everything rf pi and tee attenuator calculator everything rf watts to dbm. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. h 1+h 2−h3 DT= ArcTan ( d 1∗5280 Where h1, h2, h3 are all measured in meters and d1 is measured in kilometers. xls), PDF File (. 1 rad = 57. Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator Pasternack The Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle,. The downtilt is depicted in the figure-1. See the NIST outdoor propagation calculator PropCalc for a comparison of several empirical propagation loss models. - Pi Attenuator Calculator. figure b-6: downtilt calculator example figure b-7: mechanical vs electrical downtilt figure b-8: polarization figure c-1: pci planning figure c-2: pss and sss (1 of 2) figure c-3: pss and sss (2 of 2) figure c-4: example of pci usage calculation list of tables table 2-1: mib and sib broadcast. In other words, Beam width is the area where most of the power is radiated, which is the peak power. 15 0. 1710 –2180 +45°/–45° Polarization Height/width/depth 2532 / 269 / 154 mm. 53 - 5. Example Antenna File. 29 Over Horizon Over Horizon 2 0. Calculate the lengths of RG-58 (Velocity Factor=0. -123. RF calculations and conversions include metric-standard, link. Wide Profile Antenna Downtilt Mounting Kit for 4. 8° Weight 26 kg / 28 kg (clamps incl. 3 Imbalanced learning. 5. 1232). Step 3. 8° Weight 26 kg / 28 kg (clamps incl. The Date Calculator adds or subtracts days, weeks, months and years from a given date. sip. Outputs. U. 66) required for each dipole. Learn More About How Far Your Two-Way Radio Can Transmit and What are Some of the Most Important Factors to Calculate When Trying to. To calculate the power density of an antenna, one must measure the power/square cm, in space, from the center of the antenna. pdf), Text File (. 0. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. xls / . -179 5. Half power beam width is the angle in. 1 Quick Predict Antenna Tool for Ant18dBi - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. This Tool will provide you 5 Items calculation as below: 1. caltulatof for downtilt Result: Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) calculations are often used to help predict RF signal strength in an antenna system. Fairview Microwave's RF calculators and conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. The downside of this method is that it will create an effect called pattern blooming, which. Our RF calculators and converters will provide the figures you need for your radio frequency engineering needs. For further information on this formula, please review the […] A GSM antenna operating at 900MHz consists of eight stacked dipole antennas (3/4λ apart) fed by an ordinary corporate feed, producing a broadside radiation pattern. 2957795 ° / rad. yaro82. With the tilt, we direct irradiation further down (or higher), concentrating the energy in the new desired direction. antenna downtilt. Kit contains one scissor top bracket set and one bottom bracket set. 20 Over Horizon Over Horizon 4. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. * Visual Studio Community 2019로 코딩. If you desire vertical beam downtilt, cut the elements 2% shorter, than the length calculated in step 1, for 3° of downtilt. Gustavo Cruz Saldaña. 24 Over Horizon Over Horizon 3 0. This radio horizon vs. 29 Over Horizon Over Horizon 2 0. Downtilt Coverage Radius - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. Wide Profile Antenna Downtilt Mounting Kit for 2. Jump to Page . 1052638958999%, rather than the 150% I listed in the table). Antenna Downtilt Calculator - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. This calculator will help you determine the approximate downward angle (degrees) for a transmitting antenna in order to propagate signals with optimal strength and coverage. Antenna Downtilt Calculator - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. 10 10. 5G RuralFirst demonstrated the technical feasibility of using neutral hosting and shared. About . ca Antenna Height: 75ft Antenna Beamwidth: 7° Downtilt (°) Inner Radius (miles/km) Outer Radius (miles/km) 0 0. Muhammad Shahid [Free Scores. English term or phrase: electrical downtilt. Antenna Downtilt Calculator Pasternack's Antenna Downtilt Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, that the transmitting antenna is to be positioned at for optimal signal strength and coverage. txt) or read online for free. The tilt applied on the upward is referred as uptilt and the tilt applied on the downward side is referred as downtilt. Calculate the lengths of RG-58 (Velocity Factor =0. . ft. The calculator provides an estimate of the isolation provided by two vertically separated antennas Downtilt Calculator Radio Horizon vs Beamtilt Calculator This radio horizon vs. It also provides, given a beamwidth, the inner and outer radius of. 3048 meters , 1. Antenna Downtilt Calculator used to determine. 2. 23 mi 0. Electrical downtilt enables a uniform reduction in coverage, as it prevents pattern blooming from occurring. Download Calculator APKs for Android - APKMirror Free and safe Android APK downloads Info: If mechanical Downtilt, it should be at least 2°. Step 4. ft. Pasternack's RF Calculators and Conversions section provides engineers valuable and easy-to-use tools ranging from complex mathematical formulas to simple conversions. I also shook the cobwebs off my algebra and came up with a nifty Down-Tilt Frame. Simple trigonometry is used to calculate the downtilt angle DT in degrees. Scope of supply Panel and 2 units of clamps. jagdeepnehra007. The results presented by this calculator are based on input values and basic theoretical principles of wireless. txt) or read online for free. 04. —and calculates both the typical system return loss along with the worst case return loss. 2. antenna height must be closely matched. -3 2. . The Antenna Downtilt and Coverage Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, which the transmitting antenna is to be positioned for optimal signal strength and coverage. Antenna down tilt calculator and coverage tool. MCS in TD LTE - Comparison Between WiMAX and TD-LTE V4 0(20120924)Finance Calculator. 18 0. downtilt. Converting from minutes to decimal hours. These multiple solutions are possible because each contributor is a vector having both. 18 0. Wavelength Calculator: Calculate the wavelength of frequency 4. Latitude of data point in Decimal Degrees (ex. Operational conditions in the GSM network suggest that a 6 ∘ electrical downtilt is desirable. Antenna Downtilt Calculator used to determine the approximate downward angle, measured in degrees, that the transmitting antenna is to be positioned at for optimal signal strength and coverage. Trine University. The answer is the percent increase. Figure 5. Download Free PDF. Mortgage insurance: The mandatory insurance to protect your lender's investment of 80% or more of the home's value. can you share rf-vu. The parabolic reflector antenna gain is calculated as the gain over an isotropic source. The calculator provides an estimate of the isolation provided by two vertically separated antennas. Line of Sight Calculator. Share. 901 supersedes TR 38. Outer Coverage Radius. 37 km Over Horizon Over Horizon 1 0. The Antenna downtilt angle calculator calculates distance from tilt angle and tilt angle from horizon distance. Link Budget CDMA. downtilt. sxcvhbjnk,;Rf Link Budget Calculator Web-1. 66 ) required for each dipole. docx), PDF File (. 2. Section 6: 5G Downtilt Planning Antenna Tilt Types -Mechanical Tilt -Electrical Tilt -Preset Electrical Tilt -Mechanical Tilt Total 5G Beam Downtilt Same Coverage of SSB and CSI-RSRP Beams 5G RF Downtilt Planning Principles. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. Directory 2012. Numerically solvable expressions are derived for such optimal antenna downtilt, which is a function of the BS density. 344847969 Antenna Downtilt Calculator. The method includes: receiving statistical information and a first count that are sent by a base station; establishing at least one coverage cluster; calculating cluster values of all the coverage clusters; acquiring an. Category of. Pasternack s Antenna Downtilt Calculator (aka Antenna Tilt Angle Calculator) is Results of this calculation are to be used simply as a guide and represent a first RF. To convert ° to rad, use the conversion factor. Accurately calculating "Downtilt" By Bryan K. 0 Release 15 5 ETSI TR 138 901 V15. (Note that TR 38. VISUAL BASIC & MAP BASIC APPLICATION. For further information on this formula, please review the figure below. Enter. They can not reflect all aspects of real installation. 10 10. Calculate the lengths of RG-58 (Velocity Factor=0. Cut lengths of coax approximately 7/8" longer than the brass element tube. Antenna Design Ysis And Simulation 2017 11 29 Microwave Journal. Transmitter Height: Meters Receiver Height: Meters Kilometers Beamwidth (deg): Result: ⤵ Downtilt Angle: (Total Antenna Downtilt) Inner Coverage Radius: (Lower Side Loop) Outer Coverage Radius: (Upper Side Loop) Others to see: CONVERSION TOOLS 2. angles = 1×2 60 117. beamtilt calculator estimates your radio antenna beam downtilt options based on antenna height above average terrain (HAAT) and vertical beamwidth. 0.